What Makes A Good Fourth Grade Reader

By: Daniel Willingham - July 6, 2009

What makes for effective reading instruction? A new study indicates that an important contributor is integrating material from other subjects into reading instruction.

An important international comparison test for reading is the PIRLS, administered to ten-year-olds. Hong Kong ranked 14th among 35 participating countries in the 2001 administration of the test. In 2006, Hong Kong students ranked second among 44 nations. This improvement coincided with significant changes to the reading curriculum instituted by the Curriculum Development Council of the Hong Kong government. These two changes spurred a group of researchers at the University of Hong Kong to analyze the data from the 2006 PIRLS to determine which instructional factors were associated with student reading achievement.

They used a single outcome measure — reading achievement on the 2006 PIRLS by the 4,712 Hong Kong students in 144 schools who took the test. There were 39 predictor variables in several categories, including the teacher’s professional preparation, the time spent per week on reading, the types of reading materials used during instruction, the varieties of assessment and their purposes, the teacher’s perception of the class, and instructional strategies. Not surprisingly many of these variables were themselves correlated, so the researchers conducted a step-wise multiple regression to determine which were the most important.

This analysis showed that four of the 39 predictor variables were critical:

the frequency with which the teacher used materials from other subjects in reading instruction.
using assessment to assign grades.
 the frequency with which students took a quiz or test after reading.
 using assessment to provide data for national or local monitoring.
These four sources taken together accounted for about 30% of the total variance in reading scores. Most of this came from the first factor, which accounted for almost two-thirds of the predictive power of the total model.

It should be noted that this study doesn’t account for the rise in Hong Kong scores, nor did it examine other predictor variables that are likely important: variables related to the school, parents, or pupils themselves. And it is always possible that other variables could be important to reading success yet do not appear significant in this analysis because they vary so little, or were not measured.

Still, the results are impressive in their clarity, and important because they dovetail so well with theories of reading comprehension, described here. Once students can decode, background knowledge is crucial to reading comprehension. Ensuring that students have wide-ranging knowledge of the world ideally begins at birth, through a rich home environment. Schools must do everything possible to support and expand that knowledge base, and integrating material from other subjects into the reading curriculum is an important step in the right direction.

Sources: Cheung, W. M, Tse, S. K., Lam, J. W. I. & Loh, E. K. Y. (2009). Progress in international reading literacy study 2006 (PIRLS): Pedagogical correlates of fourth-grade students in Hong Kong. Journal of Research in Reading, 32, 293-308.